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Abstract

Over the past three decades, knee implant design has significantly advanced to address the challenges of replacing damaged knee joint bone with durable and efficient prosthetics. The aim of this review explore key developments in materials and manufacturing processes, focusing on biocompatible options such as zirconium, titanium alloys, UHMWP, and smart materials, as well as coatings designed for metal-sensitive patients. The study examines the mechanical forces acting on implants during daily activities, highlighting wear and infection risks, and evaluates the role of innovative manufacturing techniques in improving implant precision, cost-efficiency, and durability. Simulation methods, including Finite Element Analysis (FEA), are discussed for assessing implant behavior under static and dynamic loading conditions, ensuring stress distribution and wear reduction. By synthesizing advancements in material science, coating technologies, and simulation techniques, this review provides valuable insights into optimizing knee arthroplasty outcomes and identifying future opportunities for innovation.

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