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Abstract

Sedimentation in reservoirs is a critical concern of the 21st century which has affected the sustainability and functionality of water retaining structures. This technical review paper on reservoir sedimentation provides a comprehensive analysis of their causes, mechanisms, and their mitigation/control techniques. The paper starts with sedimentation in the reservoir at a global scale focusing on natural (Soil Erosion) and anthropogenic (man-made) factors such as deforestation, land clearing for agricultural purposes, and urbanization contributing to sedimentation in the reservoir. The origin of sediment is heavily influenced by topographical features, with origins located far-reach, mid-reach and near the reservoir. The sedimentation in reservoir had significant impacts which includes storage loss of reservoirs, degradation of aquatic habitat and soil pollution. A different physical process that is involved in reservoir sedimentation such as turbidity current, delta migration, climate change, and flow circulation are discussed in detail. Various mitigation strategies such as sediment yield reduction, routing of sediment through/ by reservoir, and removal of sediment by mechanical means are used in different parts of the world are presented. Case studies from different regions are selected to show the effectiveness of these strategies in real-world situations The success of sedimentation management strategies is dependent on site-specific factors such as topographical features, vegetative cover, climatic conditions, sediment properties and reservoir geometry. Among all the sedimentation management strategies discussed in the paper special attention is given to Flushing and Sluicing process while the growing implementation of bypass tunnels has also been observed in countries like China, Japan, and Switzerland. In later section paper also highlight the limitation of those strategy among which the efficiency of flushing process requires further investigation as future research. In addition, numerical modelling such as with RESCON 2 software can be used to understand the sediment flow behaviour near dams. In a later section, the paper also highlights the significance of integrated sediment management plans which involves collaboration between policymakers, engineers, scientists and local people. Sustainable land use practice like no till farming, vegetative cover to control soil erosion, routine monitoring of sediment deposition are main components of this approach. However, challenges always remains such as funding constraints, conflict among stakeholders, and uncertainties in due to climate change. Considering the scientific knowledge, engineering experts, stakeholder engagement, and effective and sustainable solutions are necessary to ensure the functionality, durability, and sustainability of reservoirs.

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